My Emerging Philosophy of Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1662 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Education Essay Level High school Topics: Philosophy Of Education Essay Did you like this example? I believe that many aspects of my first semester as an undergraduate student in the University of Limerick have contributed to my emerging philosophy of education. From attending lectures, participating in educational tutorials and reflecting upon the designated readings. I have developed a substantial understanding towards the thought process of what it takes to be a successful educator. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Emerging Philosophy of Education" essay for you Create order It was clear to me from the outset of this semester that I will have to forge my own personalised philosophy of education. I have gained knowledge and reflected on the thoughts and ideologies of key philosophers that I feel I now have a deeper understanding of what education is and have begun the journey of realising what kind of educator I believe would lead to me having the ability to teach students in the most effective way possible. Firstly I would describe education itself as the passing on of knowledge and skills to people in different ways, while also maintaining the path of a learner as there is always new knowledge to be gained (O Connor, 2018, LL05). This description came as a result of my reflections during week 05 of this module as I resonated deeply with the ideologies that Dewey expresses in Experience and Education (Dewey, 1938). I strongly agree with Deweys progressive style of teaching, I believe it is important for teachers to engage with their students by questioning them and challenging them in their class. I am of the mindset that if teachers engage with their students more, it will inevitably result in a better learning environment for all individuals. Although there are many benefits to this style of teaching I do believe that some traditional methods such as the focus on the material being distributed to the class and that the teacher maintains control over the class are vital when trying to develop a successful learning environment. This is particularly important in the Irish education system as it is heavily based upon the Leaving Certificate. It is important that teachers do not get sidetracked and allows the students to dictate what is being thought in the class, this I believe, is the most commanding and difficult element of the progressive method of education. I also believe that education through experience plays a pivotal role in the learning capabilities of a student. I formulate this belief through the expression of Dewey; he suggests that if an educator builds up a rapport with their students and creates a sense of common ground through shared experience then their active union with each other provide the measure of the educative significance and value of an experience (Dewey, 1938). I agree with Dewey in the regard as a student can feel more engaged in the class if they can see that the teacher is being respectful towards them and their experience. I refer to my desire to be this type of teacher in week 06 of my Learning Log: i would strive to be an active teacher who asks questions, as this would indicate to the students that I truly care about what they have to say (O Connor, 2018, LL06). Asking questions and getting to know ones students is pivotal in terms of determining the academic ability of the students. As a future teacher of mathematics I would ensure that I get to know my students well in order to create a significant educational environment. I would then follow the process of Deweys experiential learning (Dewey 1938), by challenging the students, allowing them the freedom to discover what needs to be learned. While doing this it would be important as the teacher to ensure that the work being done is still on-task as there is still a course to be completed at the end of the year and the reality is that the particular course needs to be finished to give the students the best possible resources to achieve well in the state exams. Education should be available to each and every person possible. This ideology formed as a result of my reading the thoughts of Paulo Frieres Pedagogy of the Oppressed Chapter 2(Friere, 1972). My reflection of frieres thoughts of an alternative to traditional teaching is captured in week 09 of my Learning Log: Frieres Problem posing education is centred around critical thinking and making students aware of their own social reality (O Connor, 2018, LL09). I agree with this philosophy as it is an ideology that strives to make education available for everyone. This is important for me in terms of my philosophy of education as I will be teaching students of different nationalities, ethnicities and it will be my duty as a teacher to challenge these students in order to allow them to be aware of their social realities and help them understand further through challenging them in various ways. It is effectively summarised as friere states education should be known as: the practice of freedom - as opposed to the practice of dominance (Friere, 1972). This entails that education should be enjoyed and expressed openly, rather than focussed on success and fear of failure. I intend to be an educator that makes school enjoyable for students and try my best to make students feel comfortable as it will aid the main goal of creating the best learning environment possible. It is also important for an educator to acknowledge that there will always be new information and new knowledge in their particular subject area. This was highlighted to me when Postman and Weingartner announce a particular notion in Teaching as a Subversive Activity: The Vaccination theory of education (Postman and Weingartner, 1969). He suggests that some people and particularly some educators believe that once they have studied their desired subject that they feel as if they do not need to continue learning and instead focus on teaching the particular area. When in reality it is incredibly advisable for a teacher to be investing their time to be frequently expanding their knowledge and to be open to new ideas, this commitment to their own learning will inevitably benefit the learning of their students by being able to answer any question posed to them. They also depict an educator that is described as an inquiring teacher (Postman and Weingartner, 1969), I intend on being somewhat like this as I feel through reading their descriptions that this style of teaching would allow me to have a long lasting positive effect on the learning environment of the students I teach. To revert back to the progressive style of teaching mentioned previously, this inquiry based teaching would lead to a heightened level of student engagement, encourage student- student interactions and allow lessons to develop from the responses of students. Therefore it will be an ambition of mine to carry out this method of teaching to the fullest in my future as an educator of both Physical Education and Mathematics. The theory versus practice debate is a central topic when first forging a philosophy of education. It is now clear to me that they are both important in successful education. It is important not to focus too much on one particular aspect. A guest speaker in one of my lectures describes: theory should be taken as a prescription of practice (Adenusi, 2018). This effectively summarises my thoughts of this debate as I believe to be an effective educator, one must be aware of the theory behind their own subject and the theory behind how to transfer information. However, to come back to my own description of what education itself is, an educator must be adaptable and know when a particular theory of passing information is not working. People learn things and absorb information in different ways; it is up to the teacher to practically come up with a way of transferring knowledge to the student in the most effective way possible rather than sticking to a rigid theory. I reflected upon this t opic in week 02 of my Learning Log, it is more beneficial for students that are willing to learn when they have a teacher that is practically adaptable along with being theoretically up to date with teaching methods and overall knowledge (O Connor, 2018, LL02). I believe that setting up a good foundation of how I will utilise both theory and practice will contribute towards my ambition of being the best educator I can possibly be. As an aspiring Physical Education and Mathematics teacher it will be vital for me to balance both theory and practice in my profession as both subject areas are quite demanding in both respects. It is my responsibility to develop an understanding of both aspects and perform to my highest ability to allow the students I teach to gain the experience needed to succeed in their future lives To revert back to my own emerging philosophy, I hope that I can be a teacher that focuses on the wellbeing of the students through a progressive method of engaging with my students and challenging them by allowing them to have freedom over how they approach learning. However I would also hope to maintain a sense of direction in the overall process of teaching the class a desired subject as the education system relies on good performance in examinations. Reference List: Adenusi, T. (2018)Philosophy of Education, EN4041: Contemporary Understandings and Thinking of Education, 2 Oct, University of Limerick, Unpublished. Dewey, J. (1938). Experience education. New York: Macmillan, pp.17-23. Dewey, J. (1938). Experience education. New York: Macmillan, pp. 42-45 Freire, P., Ramos, M., Macedo, D. and Shor, I. (1996). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum, pp.60-63. Postman, N. and Weingartner, C. (1969). TEACHING AS A SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITY. NEW YORK: DELACORTE, pp.8-14. O Connor, J. 2018. Learning Log Week 02, University of Limerick, EN4041: Contemporary Understandings of and Thinking on Education. O Connor, J. 2018. Learning Log Week 05, University of Limerick, EN4041: Contemporary Understandings of and Thinking on Education. O Connor, J. 2018. Learning Log Week 06, University of Limerick, EN4041: Contemporary Understandings of and Thinking on Education. O Connor, J. 2018. Learning Log Week 09, University of Limerick, EN4041: Contemporary Understandings of and Thinking on Education.

Bible Versus the Toran - 12356 Words

Name: Sandra R. Gibson Student I.D.: 0405713 Course: REL-275-OL Date: 9/3/2011 Final Project TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION PAGE 1 II. AUTHORSHIP OF THE BIBLE PAGE 2 - 9 III. THE BIBLE PAGE 10 - 18 IV. AUTHORSHIP OF THE QURAN PAGE 19 V. THE QURAN PAGE 20 - 23 VI. THE BIBLE COMPARED TO QURAN PAGE 24-28 VII. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM COMPARED TO THE TEN PAGE 29-34 COMMANDMENTS VIII. COMPARING THE LIFE OF TWO AFRO-AMERICANS (1) MALCOM X - ISLAMIC†¦show more content†¦History of Judah only. (THE NEXT 3 BOOKS DEAL WITH ISRAELS RESTORATION) 10. EZRA - Cyrus let most of the Jews return to their land of Israel. Zerubbabel led the people (539 B.C.). Ezra returned later with more Jews (458 B.C.) built the temple. 11. NEHEMIAH - Building the walls of Jerusalem. Nehemiah got permission from the King of Persia to rebuild the walls (444 B.C.). Revival in the land. 12. ESTHER - Took place during chapters 6 and 7 of Ezra. Mordecai. Plot to kill the Jewish people. C. POETICAL - 5 BOOKS 1. JOB - A righteous man tested by God. Deals with Gods sovereignty. 2. PSALMS - Consists of 5 divisions. Worship in song. Large variety of subjects. 3. PROVERBS - Practical wisdom in everyday affairs. 4. ECCLESIASTES - All is vanity. The wisdom of man is futility. 5. SONG OF SOLOMON - A song between Solomon and his Shulammite bride, displaying the love between a man and a woman. (5) D. PROPHETICAL - 17 BOOKS (MAJOR PROPHETS - 5 BOOKS) 1. ISAIAH - Looks at the sin of Juddah and proclaims Gods judgement. 2. JEREMIAH - Called by God to proclaim the news of judgement to Judah, which came. God establishes a new covenant. 3. LAMENTATIONS - 5 lament poems. Description of defeat and fall of Jerusalem 4. EZEKIEL - He ministered to the Jews in captivity in Babylon. Description of the end of times. 5. DANIEL - Many visions of the future for the Gentiles and the Jews. (MINOR PROPHETS - 12 BOOKS) 1. HOSEA - Story of

Capital Budgeting Techniques Project

Question: Discuss about the Capital Budgeting Techniques Project. Answer: Introduction This project discusses about capital budgeting techniques. In capital budgeting how a project is being selected from a different set of alternatives is described. In capital budgeting there are various techniques that can be used, like decision tree analysis, net present value, internal rate of return, average rate of return, accounting rate of return. In the given report some of techniques are discussed like sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, capital asset pricing model and capital market line (Ross, 2009). However it does not give a guarantee regarding the returns, but provide an expected value through analyzing various models about the future returns under a given portfolio. It is considered as one of the challenging task for a financial manager, as a considerable amount of money would be invested in a portfolio. Hence the decision regarding the portfolio management must be taken seriously. Corporate decision making In a corporate when a decision is taken from a set of different alternatives in order to achieve the organizational goals and objective. This process is called as corporate decision making. It is an integral part of the corporation. This is a continuous process so to run the organizational activities efficiently (McKinsey company, 2009). The corporate decision making is considered as a process of achieving best results of an outcome. Sensitivity analysis This analysis is used to analyze the variations in input of a model with the change in circumstances. The changes can be in terms of qualitative and quantitative terms (Wallace). The relevancy of this analysis is to know about the variation in the input variables in case of some uncertainty happened (Bris). This model is used in case to make sure about ensuring the reliability of the project and the quality of the project. However sensitivity analysis is also used in knowing about similarity between the applied model and process, variations in input factors, interaction between factors, factors affecting output variables. This model is used in risk analysis, financial applications, and where the projects are being selected. This analysis is easy to use, communicate. This analysis helps the corporate managers in taking better decisions in relation to achieve breakeven point, cash flow analysis (Chapter 6, Probabilistic approaches). In relation to capital budgeting Sensitivity analysis is used in capital budgeting to get a clear view on to take or not to take a project. In capital budgeting, sensitive analysis changes one assumption at a time in order to analyze the effect on the outcome. Sensitive analysis is used to estimate about the effect on the project if some assumptions turn out to be unreliable (Koining). In capital budgeting, sensitive analysis is highly used. As NPV analysis is also used in capital budgeting, and also tells about the risk analysis, cash flow and break even analysis. But a small change can convert a positive NPV to a negative NPV. That is the reason sensitivity analysis is used in capital budgeting in order to analyze apart from variable costing (Peterson, Fabozzi, 2002). Scenario analysis This analysis is used to know about the changes in possible outcomes in respect of some alternative outcomes. It defines the average of cash flows in respect to possible circumstances. In scenario analysis the value of an asset of future cash flows are expected so to better understanding about the risk analysis under the given project (Khan Jain, 2008). In a portfolio which contains a risky project can vary in cash flows. That is cash flows can differ from the expectations. In scenario analysis, it has two case scenarios that are best case scenario and worst case scenario. If the project cash flows meet out the expectations it is said to be as best case scenario (Gitman, Juchau Flanagan, 2011). Whereas in case the cash flows do not meet out the expectations it is considered as worst case scenario. However this is not reliable because in best case scenario in order to meet cash flows, revenue needs to be generated, and for that cost may be cut down, this would increase in sales but simultaneously increase in variable cost too. While in case of worst case scenarios, as the cash flow are less, which can be due to risk factor. However in scenario analysis besides from best and worst case scenarios, multiple scenarios can be considered with variations in assumption in economic and asset variables. This analysis can be measured for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis (Doss, Sumrall, McElealth Jones, 2013). In relation to capital budgeting In capital budgeting, in order to select the best portfolio, scenario analysis is used. In scenario analysis two case scenarios are determined. And according to them the amount to be invested in a project is determined (Bedi, 2005). However there can be other assumptions which can affect the decisions in capital budgeting. In big firms, scenario analysis is highly adopted. Although in capital budgeting, NPV is highly preferred, but at the same time it has been criticized in case of variations in assumptions. That is the reason scenario analysis is used in capital budgeting (Lasher, 2014). Capital asset pricing model CAPM is a technique adopted by investors to know about investing in a project or not. This is done by considering the expecting return at the given risk. CAPM is used to compensate the amount of expected return in terms of time value of money and the systematic risk. In CAPM the risk factor is considered as beta which is compared with return of assets of the market and market premium which is the difference between market risk rate and risk free rate. According to CAPM model the expected return of the security must be compared with the risk free rate and risk premium. If the expected return is not matched with required rate of return, the project must not be undertaken (Sharifzadeh, 2010). The CAPM model has some assumptions like investors are more interested in wealth generation; investors are free to sell the securities in which they are not interested. Investors are assumed to have same expectations; all the financial assets are fully divisible that is investors can purchase and sell the securities as they wants. All the securities are sold and purchased at market price. The securities do not levies transaction costs. Market prices cannot be influenced by the investors. There are no taxes. The CAPM equation is Ra= Rf+ (Rm-Rf) In the above equation: Ra= rate of return of the security or portfolio Rf= Risk free rate = beta factor that is systematic risk Rm= market rate of return For better understanding of CAPM model, it can be explained by quoting an example. Let say there is an asset called ABC, whose Rf= 3%, Rm= 10%, and = .75. it is required to calculate required rate of return using CAPM model. The solution to this would be: Ra= Rf+ (Rm-Rf) Rf Rm 0.03 0.10 0.75 Ra= Rf+ (Rm-Rf) 8% Capital market line CML is used in CAPM model in order to determine the required rate of return for the portfolio in respect to the level of risk which is also calculated by standard deviation and risk free rate. It is a line which depicts a relationship between market portfolio and risk free assets. It represents the premium earned by taking extra amount of risk. When a tangent line is drawn from the pint of risk free to the feasible area of risky assets, it is called as capital market line (Capital asset pricing model). The assumptions of CML model is that all the investors has same expectations on variances and mean. Prices can be adjusted to make the market efficient. The investor will select the assets in his/her portfolio on the basis of risky and risk free assets existing in the given portfolio. Equation to CML model is: In the above equation of CML ?=mean, = standard deviation of rate of return in a portfolio (?M- rf)/ M = slope of CML According to this equation, if there is an increase in one unit in standard deviation, the expected rate of return must increase accordingly. This can be understood by quoting an example. Let say the current price of a security is $875. It is expected to provide return of $1000 in a year. The standard deviation of the return () = 40% and Rf = 10%. It has also been provided that the market rate of return is 17% and M= 12% for portfolio. It is required to compute that whether the given security is efficient or not (Capital asset pricing model and factor models). The solution to the given question is Rf Rm M Rm-Rf Rm-Rf)/M 0.1 0.17 0.12 0.4 0.07 0.58333333 ?= Rf + [(Rm-Rf)/M]* 33.33% Graph of CML According to the CML model all the investor lie upon capital market line. Risk takers rest at right of the efficient frontier line, whereas risk avoiders are at the left of the efficient frontier line. Similarities between CAPM and CML CAPM consists of two models, those are CML and SML. CAPM and CML model are positively correlated. That is it has been assumed in both the models that the investor would take more risk only when there is an expectancy of getting more returns. Both the models are used by the modern theorist in order to select the best securities in their portfolio. However CML is a part of CAPM (Sigman, 2005). Differences between CAPM and CML CAPM model is used for multiple numbers of securities or a number of portfolios rather in a single security. It is highly used by modern theorist also in order to make investment decisions and investing in best portfolio. CAPM model is being used for multiple securities like stock, bonds. CAPM model is used for calculating the fair value of the project by considering the future returns to current returns (Sigman, 2005). The major difference between CAPM and CML is that CAPM holds the securities which can be efficient or non efficient. But in case of CML it consists of only efficient portfolio. Recommendations By analyzing capital budgeting techniques, it is recommended that as usually preferred techniques are NPV, IRR, and ARR etc. hence for effective capital decision making, the cash flows to be considered should be at present value. The investor should consider the time value of money. Apart from this the inflow to be considered should be the net cash flow, which is accounting profit should be avoided during capital budgeting decisions. In cash flow manger should do an incremental analysis, in that tax impact should be considered, so as to make effective decision making. It should be adopted by big MNCs but it is advisable that every company should adopt such techniques. Conclusion Hence by techniques laid down in the report, it can be said that before investing in a portfolio, risk and return analysis must be done in depth to get an overview of the future returns. However more than one technique in capital budgeting can be used in order to get more assured about the returns. It can also be concluded that the risk and return patterns changes according to the market, which is every market has its own risk and return rate of securities. An analytical process must be followed in case of capital budgeting. By analytical process it is meant that the answers should be finding out before investing in any project. That is, is there a need to invest in a project?, how much amount would be requiring to invest, in what type of securities should be invested, what will be the future cash flows, when the breakeven point would be achieved. There are many other question too which need to be answered depending upon the corporation, and market References Bedi,A. (2005 ) Capital Budgeting, Deep Deep publications, New Delhi Bris,M. Sensitivity analysis as a managerial decision making tool, Sensitivity analysis as a managerial decision making tool. Retrieved at https://www.efos.unios.hr/repec/osi/journl/PDF/InterdisciplinaryManagementResearchIII/IMR3a9.pdf Capital asset pricing model and factor models. Retrieved at https://www.math.ust.hk/~maykwok/courses/Fin_econ_05/Fin_econ_05_5.pdf Capital asset pricing model. Retrieved at https://www.personal.psu.edu/tts3/Files/Fin406/set4.pdf Chapter 6. Probabilistic approaches: scenario analysis, decision trees and simulations. Retrieved at https://people.stern.nyu.edu/adamodar/pdfiles/valrisk/ch6.pdf Doss,D,A. Sumrall III, W,H. McElealth,D,H Jones, D,W.(2013) Economic and financial analysis for criminal justice organizations, Taylor Francis group, Boca Raton Gitman,L,J. Juchau,R Flanagan,J.(2011 ) Principles of managerial finance, Pearson, Australia Khan Jain. (2008) Financial management, Tata Mc graw hill, New Delhi Koining,E. Sensitive analysis for capital budgeting. Hearst newspapers, LLC. Retrieved at https://smallbusiness.chron.com/sensitivity-analysis-capital-budgeting-10153.html Lasher,W,R. (2014 ) Practical financial management, Cengagae learning, USA McKinsey company. (2009) How companies make good decisions: McKinsey global survey results. Retrieved at https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/how-companies-make-good-decisions-mckinsey-global-survey-results Peterson, P,P Fabozzi,F,J. (2002), Capital budgeting: theory and practice, John Wiley sons, Canada Ross.(2009) Corporate finance, edition 8th, Tata Mc graw hill, New York Sharifzadeh,M. (2010) An empirical and theoretical analysis of capital asset pricing model, Boca Raton Sigman,K. (2005) Capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Retrieved at https://www.columbia.edu/~ks20/FE-Notes/4700-07-Notes-CAPM.pdf Wallace,S,W. Decision making under uncertainty- is sensitivity analysis of any use. Retrieved at https://kursinfo.himolde.no/lo-kurs/lo904/Wallace/Sensitivity.pdf

Babatunde Smith Criminology free essay sample

Criminology is the study of the Nature, Crime caused as a social behaviour, prevention of Criminal behaviour and the enforcement of Criminal Justice System. It can also be defined as a sub group of sociology which is the scientific of social behaviour.Cesare Lombroso, an Italian physician suggests that Some people are born criminal caused by hereditary .That is , a child born of a violent/criminal parents is prone to have criminal behaviour , whiles others are caused by Poverty due to low income condition of their living. They want to live above their income. Hence, lead them to committee crime by stealing or committee robbery . Hate and discrimination against minorities may became the cause of some other crime.EmotionaI disorder caused by mental health could be the cause of their crime for an example , a patient suffering from Bi polar or any other mental health related, declining his medications may result to crime due to the effect of his poor mental state . We will write a custom essay sample on Babatunde Smith Criminology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Criminology as the study of crime has four different perspectives which are Legal, Political , sociological and psychological perspectives .Criminal examination can be done from legal point of view . Criminal behaviour can be examined if the law is been violated , criminal law will be use to access the criminal activitiesPolitical perspectives. This are the crime committed by breaking the law of the land or code of conduct of the land . This law indicate that law exist to further the interest of the people . Sociological Perspectives focus on the social, political and economical problems that give rise to crime.Psychological perspectives which described crime as a form of a problem behaviour which caused by in-ability to live in peace with the environment . Looking at it from Psychiatric point of view , a man with history of mental health problem relating to mood swing as tendency of violent, crime related offences.Influence in Criminal BehaviourTo fully determined what constitutes criminal behaviour can cover a wide range of activities for that reason, Authors Morley and Hall (2003) pointed out three different ways to define antisocial behaviour. He equate the behaviour to criminality and juvenile delinquency which both involve in criminal acts. Any involvement in criminal act can lead to arrest and conviction. Information can be collected using court data or criminal records to analyse the influences that were present. Personality traits and disorder could be one of the diagnosis of an individual with criminal behaviour. This traits and disorder is not evident when an individual was an adult as it can only be seen in children. It is important to note that not all children diagnosed with ODD will develop CD.Holmes et al (2001) state that impulse control dysfunction and the presence of hyperactivity and inattention are the most factors for presentation of antisocial behaviour.The Influence of Nature and Nurture to criminal BehaviourNature is seen to be biological factor and genetic composition explain much of human behaviour.Freud also believed that people have the ability to learn in the early childhood , what is right and what is wrong and think we may have an instinctive nature to acquire what we desire .Such nature can be control by what we learnt on our early years. He also believed that people normally get moral principles as a child from their parent and if this were missing due to poor parental gaudiance , that child would grow without any control of natural urges to life .While Nurture is said to be believed that environment factor such as church community, school ,family are paramont in the development of behaviour pattern.Therefore it seems clearly to conclude that those families who are less financially sound , perhaps have more children , and who are unable to consistently punish their children for a wrong doing will have a greater likelihood of promoting an environment that will influence delinquent behaviour .A statistic shows that such children are at 50% greater risk of engaging in criminal act if they were abuse or neglected .If we said that Criminals are made by their surroundings and their social factors, we could confidently say that Criminals are shaped by bad influences .Maslows hierarchy of needs suggest that , when the basic need for an individual is not met or self esteem is threatened, the individual will turn on his or her defensive mechanism as reaction to this threat (Maslow, H 1943) some will resort to Burglary, stealing food and other necessities as a way of survival. However, in recent years , the cognitive revolution has again made defensive mechanism the subject of scientific investigation and cognitive , developmental and personality has been found as an evidence of their existence.

Marketing Absolut Vodka In France free essay sample

Analyzes market, regulation, consumption, European Community issues, threats opportunities, future. This research assesses the prospects for the marketing of Absolute brand vodka in France. The findings of this assessment are presented in the contexts of (1) market description, (2) market overview, (3) environmental analysis, (4) threats and opportunities, (5) future prospects, and (6) action plans strategies and tactics. An assessment of the prospects for the marketing of Absolute brand vodka in France is important to the company that produces the product Vin Spirit AB (VS) of Sweden because the successful marketing of the product, for the most part, determines the financial success of the firm. Although France is not a huge market for vodka products, the country is viewed by VS as an

The Iron Curtain Essay Example

The Iron Curtain Essay Example The Iron Curtain Paper The Iron Curtain Paper Attention Getter â€Å"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet Sphere†- Winston Churchill, â€Å"The Sinews of Peace†. Winston Churchill’s Sinews of Peace Address, also called the Iron Curtain Speech, was provocative and very informative. His ideas were presented based on the events that shaped the world history and transformed nations into war victims trembling in the dark shadows of the World War II. To that, he called for unity among the nations; â€Å"the iron curtain† that divides Europe into the self-governing nations of the West and the Russian-led nations of the East. He called for unity among the United States and the British Commonwealth, the English-speaking Commonwealth, to elucidate the assurance of security. He called for â€Å"permanent prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries† (Churchill, 1946). He was a hero for the many who had his side, the ones who supported the idea of Anglo-Saxon global domination (Harbutt, 1988). II. Audience/Ceremony The Academic Audience Winston Churchill presented the Sinews of Peace Address (Iron Curtain Speech) at Westminster College. He was introduced by President Harry S. Truman of the United States to a crowd of 40,000. In addition to the honorary award he was given, he delivered the Sinews of Peace Address, which undoubtedly was one of the most famous postwar speeches he made. B. The Iron Curtain The iron curtain is a boundary between the Eastern and Western Europe. Churchill made mention of the cities lying in this boundary. The cities were: Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia. The phrase â€Å"iron curtain† was popularly recognized after his delivery of the speech. The British Empire and Commonwealth and the United States The intended audiences of Churchill’s â€Å"Iron Curtain Speech† were the populations of English-speaking Commonwealth and the United States. He wanted them to hear his ideas about a world supergovernment that will provide peace and order to all. The speech also changed the classical view of the Western countries about the Soviet Communist rule of the East as well as the Germans’ and Japanese’s participation during the World War. He was an icon of the Anglo-Saxon precipatetes. D. Secondary audiences The Sinews of Peace address stimulated the audiences because of its relevance to the existing economic, political, social, and global security issues not just of the countries he mentioned but also the threat the Soviet Communist might bring in the future. It enjoyed wide circulation across the American continent and the Atlantic. To Harbutt (1988), the speech was one of the reasons that

Answer the following Marketing Discussion Questions Assignment

Answer the following Marketing Discussion Questions - Assignment Example SWOT analysis is the third step which emphasizes on the internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats). The fourth step, marketing goals and objectives are formulated that are formal statements of the desired and expected results from the marketing plan. The fifth component is the marketing strategy which entails selecting and analyzing target markets and developing and maintaining a suitable market program (product, distribution, promotion and product) to fulfil the needs of those target markets. Devising of the marketing strategy results in marketing implementation that describes how the marketing plan will be executed. The last stage of the marketing plan describes how the outcomes of the marketing plan are evaluated and controlled. Marketing plan is critical in marketing process because it allows the organizations to identify the right target market and fulfil their needs and wants through the most suitable marketing strategies (Ferre ll & Hartline, 2007, p. 42-45).

A Consultant Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

A Consultant Report - Research Paper Example on as the ratio of a number of customers that have reported higher satisfaction than expectations after using the products and services of the company to the number of total customers served by the company. According to Farris, Bendle, Pfeifer, and Reibstein, (2010), customer satisfaction level is an important aspect in analyzing how the company is performing. The research revealed that 71% of the respondents said that customer satisfaction is critical in managing the business and in monitoring it (Farris et al., 2010). Gitman and McDaniel (2005) stated that customer satisfaction level is considered as a significant and a differentiator factor in this competitive market. In the competitive market, customer satisfaction level is decisive for success. This report analyzes the situation of one of the largest retailers of the world, Wal-Mart. The report analyzes how the retailer is managing and satisfying the customers. The report first gives an overview of the company and issues related to customer satisfaction level at the company are discussed.. Different theories, models and trends on the subject have also been presented in this report. The report also recommends different strategies that Wal-Mart can adapt in order to improve the customer satisfaction level and a plan has been formulated on how to go about these recommendations. Wal-Mart is the leading retailer in United States. Wal-Mart has been operating successfully since 1960s. The company has a presence in 27 countries along with an e-commerce website that allows consumers to purchase and order products that would be delivered at the doorstep of the customers. The company has reported sales of $466 billion in 2013 (Wal-Mart, 2014a). More than 2.2 million employees work for Wal-Mart in different parts of the world. In United States alone, the company has employed approximately 1.3 million employees (Wal-Mart, 2014b). According to Fortune Global 500 list, the company is the largest employer in the world (CNN

You can choose one out of five Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

You can choose one out of five - Essay Example er the story of myths, let us examine the place and the role of the place where it is supposed to happen and be able to characterize the relationship of gods to the place where the story is supposed to take place, and what does it tell us about early Greek culture? I have chosen two myths that I believed have connections with mortals. First myth that I chose who played an important position in the mythology is Zeus. Zeus appeared in the collection of myths in the Greek pagan creation of myths. He was described as the king of the gods, king of law and order, fate, and sky and weather (Atsma, 2000). The Geographic location often referred to in the story of Hesoid, Theogony, is Mt. Olympus. It is a tall mountain with snowy peaks able to penetrate heaven.(v. II 36-52). Mt. Olynpus is characterized as a peaceful place wherein gods and goddesses lived peacefully. This is where Zeus lived, together with other goddesses and muses, his wife, brothers and sisters. Mt. Olympus first appeared in the story of Hesoid, while he was sheparding sheep at the foot of Helicon. Mt. Olympus was the home of Zeus and the twelve muses of Mt. Olympus. These muses came to see Hesoid to tell him of their stories so he could retell it to others. Hesoid is not a supernatur al being. He was an early Greek poet who lived during the 700 BC era. Hesoid opened his story with the tale of muses singing tirelessly to their father, Zeus, in Mt. Olympus. This is the first talk about Mt.Olympus. It is thru songs that the muses told the tale of the clans of men and giants. I perceived Mt. Olympus hall to be happy as it resonates the voices of muses. Mt. Olympus is featured with snowy peaks that leads to heaven, a peaceful place with no troubles or worries because it is guarded by a god. This is where gods built homes and palaces and any gods can live there but no humans were allowed. Mt. Olympus is different from what we see in mountains today. Today, in geography, there are several mountains

Effects Of Co2 Emission Legislation Economics Essay

Effects Of Co2 Emission Legislation Economics Essay The global climate conditions are incessantly changing which has become a threat and one of the greatest challenges faced by the international community. Transport is amongst one of the main factor causing one fifth of greenhouse gas emissions and also a large share of air pollution and noise nuisance (Braithwaite and Drahos, 2000). Additionally it divides natural areas into small patches that lead to severe consequences on the landscape which makes it detrimental to environmental sustainability. The number of vehicles worldwide is projected to increase from around 700 million at present to 1.1 billion by 2020, so if anything, the problems caused by cars will get worse not better, unless dramatic changes are made (Burns et al 2002). In response to the mounting concerns and substantial evidences over global warning, a suite of climate change legislation has been introduced. According to the Kyoto protocol the European Union must reduce greenhouse gas emission by 8%. International manu facturing is dominated by car industry and the vehicle production is considered as the worlds largest manufacturing sector. With internationally integrated investment, production and sales; the automotive industry has the supremacy to manage environmental damage. The authoritative positioning of car industry spawns two contrasting viewpoints; (i) the industrys products are a major source of global environmental damage; (ii) industrys persistently determined to strike a balance between the imperatives of profitability and environmental sustainability. Safety measures have been introduced and legislations have been put forward by the traditional car producing countries for reducing the specific emission for vehicles and to increase fuel efficiency of cars. The study expounds on the various aspects that encompasses the need for CO2 emission legislation and its pertinent ambiguities. The study further investigates the response of EU car industry by critically analysing its strategic app roach to fight against the challenges it faces due to proposed legislation and constantly evolving economic conditions. 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE BY AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Transport industry is responsible for several activities that one way or another cause environmental damage and these may include; fuel extraction, processing and transport, manufacturing and 90 percent of all carbon monoxide emissions are also cause by cars. In addition to this, cars are also a major cause of acid rain. Following are some facts and figures compiled by examining the existing data that accounts for ample evidence of the environmental damage caused by cars; Amongst all land-based modes of transport, cars are the most energy intensive with petrol-powered cars consuming in aggregate more energy and producing more greenhouse gas emissions than any other type of vehicle (International Energy Agency 1993). Annually seven billion pounds of scrap and waste is produced by international car industry (Elster,1989) Cars are a prime cause of the depletion of the worlds resources (Freund and Martin, 1993). About 25 percent of total CO2 emissions are caused by transportation industry out of which up to 85 percent is caused by road transport (UNEP 2003). On average, road transport accounts for 48 percent of NOx emissions in OECD countries and around 60 percent of this is done by cars (Paterson, 2000). 1.2 ANALYZING THE NEED FOR CO2 EMISSION LEGISLATION The CO2 emissions in the EU grew by 32% between 1990 and 2005 unlike other sectors accomplished to reduce their emissions by 9.5% on average over the same period (World Values Survey, 2003). Earlier, the share of CO2 emissions by transport was 21% in the year 1990 which rose up to 27% by 2005 (UNEP, 2003). Passenger cars and vans are responsible for over half of the CO2 emissions. Kyoto indicates that transport is the worst performing sector that seriously jeopardises the achievement of the targets. Under Kyoto protocol the European Union is committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 8 per cent by 2008-2012 compared to the 1990 level (UNEP, 2003). Approximately 20% cut in its greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 has been committed by the EU and around 30% cut provided that the other countries follow suit when a new climate deal is agreed. The EU has also adopted a target of improving energy efficiency in the European Union by 20% by 2020 (UNEP, 2003). The legal implementation of the se targets along with climate and energy package was adopted in December 2008. The package of emissions trading scheme contains laws for carbon capture and storage, renewable energy, transport fuel quality, and car emissions (Held et al, 1999). 1.3 ASSESSING THE LOOPHOLES OF LEGISLATION The enforcement of CO2 emissions legislation will take place through a system of fines. For every g/km a manufacturer exceeds its company target, it has to pay a â‚ ¬95 fine per vehicle sold, in principle. However, there have been some ambiguities in the commandment indicated in several studies and when all these ambiguities are put together in practice then it signifies that the target for 2015 is close to 140 g/km, rather than 130 g/km (Paterson, 2000). The detected loopholes in the law include: For currently unmeasured and undefined eco-innovations, up to 7 g/km credits that could be exchanged for measured reductions; For very low-emission cars there are super credits, which would count for more than one car and hence water down overall CO2 reductions which are based on fleet averages; Much lower penalties for small surpassing of the target until 2018. The penalties for the first, second and third g/km of surpassing are only â‚ ¬5, 15 and 25 per g/km respectively instead of â‚ ¬95; Exemptions for small-volume carmakers. 1.4 EU CAR INDUSTRY VS CO2 EMISSION LEGISLATION In accordance with the CO2 emission legislation it has been anticipated that its implementation would be fruitful enough to gain at least 20% cut in domestic EU emissions and at most 30% is the target to attain (The Economist, 2002). Scientists believe that about 40% targets are essential to hit the EUs maximum 2 degrees warming (The Economist, 2002). The climate policy is going off track where the substitution of reduction in real emission has been counterbalanced by the effort sharing and ETS laws and the renewable energy law on the other hand, allows bio fuels which could cause the transport emissions to intensify. Transport is also critical in the debate on Europes energy dependence. By mid-2008, approximately â‚ ¬1 billion worth of oil has been imported by Europe per day (Leveque, 1996). The noticeable fact is that EU recognises cars as the single biggest consumer utilizing around 4.4 million barrels per day and is also responsible for 40 per cent of imports which constitutes that car MNCs have a very strong and economically powerful position (World Values Survey, 2003). In order to put political pressure on governments against environmental regulations car MNCs have consistently lobbied governments against emission controls to reduce greenhouse gases on the basis that this would lead to severe economic impacts (Bradsher, 2002). PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR THE EU CAR INDUSTRY Despite of the strict regulations by European Commissions that may impose financial loss to the EU car industry, even then they could gain. In accordance with the strategy suggested by Porter, selling poorly performing, unsafe, or environmentally damaging products is not a route to real competitive advantage in sophisticated industry and industry segments, especially in a world where environmental sensitivity and concern for social welfare are rising in all advanced nations (Porter 1990). The proposed strategic model also supports this vision together with the UNEP, World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development; which sees competitive advantages for businesses that voluntarily adopt environmentally sustainable strategies (United Nations Environment Programme and World Business Council for Sustainable Development 2002). 2.1 PESTLE ANALYSIS European Automotive industry is greatly influenced by the global economic circumstances, political scenarios, changing market trends and revolutionizing technological conditions (Hutton, 2002). All these factors put an impact both directly and indirectly upon the subsistence of the industry. This PESTLE analysis is a significant instrument to illustrate the political, economic, socio- demographic, technological and legislative aspects for managers to develop a strategic approach in order to reduce CO2 emissions in compliance with the legislation. POLITICAL The automotive industry is greatly influenced by European Union that will continue to introduce new legislation and modify the existing ones. The political scenario of EU is exacerbated by the fuel tax which is ineffective to address the environmental issues rather working as a tool for governments to raise revenues (Ostrom, 1990). The European Commissions Auto Oil II programme illustrated in the Table 01, indicates the inefficiency of fuel tax CO2 savings if fuel duty was increased by 20% above 1999 UK levels by 2002 which are unlikely for political reasons; Table: 01 Finland -0.43% France -0,43% Germany -0,61% Greece -2,14% Ireland -1,52 Italy -0,54 Netherland -0,52 Spain -1,41 United Kingdom -0,55 Source: European Commission 2.1.2 ECONOMIC There is a vast scope for improvements in efficiency and environmental sustainability within the automotive industry. The increased use of low carbon technologies in accordance with the CO2 emission legislation creates value and offer secure jobs in the automotive industry. Furthermore, it reduces the â‚ ¬30bn fuel bill that Europes businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, currently pay every year to fill up their vans and this account for a net benefit to the consumer (OBrien et al, 2000). Small and medium sized enterprises in particular stand to benefit from the fuel savings resulting from this legislation. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC In future, China and Latin America are expected to account for the bulk of new car sales worldwide and the ability of the EU to enter these markets is restricted. Most of the revenue generated by the big three American firms is through the sales of pick-up trucks and sports utility vehicles (SUVs) which are considered tarnished due to their size, load and high fuel consumption however, European and Japanese manufacturers are producing similar gas-guzzlers to compete for market share in this sector (Storm Clouds over Detroit 2002; Fords Troubles 2003; Bradsher 2002). TECHNOLOGY For developing a low carbon emission strategy for sustaining business competitiveness, the EU automotive industry must enable cost effective reductions in carbon emissions from production, distribution and energy use across the production process (Dicken, 1998). There is a need for well-timed investment in technologies which are eco-friendly and vital enough to minimise the cost of making the conversion and will provide the potential for business to get the most out of market opportunities. LEGISLATION A number of legislative directives and government policies followed by the growing awareness of climate change issues are aimed at reducing the negative environmental impact of the EU automotive industry. The End of Life Vehicles Directive (ELV) is a complex piece of legislation that aims to increase the levels of re-use and recycling of vehicles that are to be scrapped to improve environmental standards and also limit the use of material harmful to the environment in new vehicles (Martin and Raes, 2002). Moving to low carbon fuel will require a technology shift for both fuel and vehicle technology. 2.2 PORTERS FIVE FORCE MODEL To develop a wholesome model for competitive rivalry risk-adjusted rates of return should be invariable across the business. The structure of an industry explains how it may sustain different levels of profitability (Hasenclever, Mayer and Rittberg, 1997). Porters model is a helpful contrivance to develop a well thought out and a competitive strategic plan that congregates the opportunities and threats of the external environment of the organizations. For an ideal stratagem the understanding of industry structures and their ways of evolution is extremely important. The following Porters five force analysis of EU car industry is intended to propose a valuable strategic approach that is profitable and also tends to comply with the CO2 emission regulations. Potential Entrants Supplier Power Buyer Power Competitive Rivalry Substitute of Products 2.2.1 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS A significant proportion of the total number of vehicles in EU will continue to be outside warranty age thus generating business for the maintenance and repair sub-sector of the automotive industry but cars are likely to be less efficient potentially damaging the industrys environmental agenda (OBrien et al, 2000). On the other hand the legislation consents for basing car taxation on environmental characteristics of the vehicle however, suppliers choice is equally important regarding vehicles for development and promotion. To gain an eco-friendly development and promotion policy economic incentives to suppliers is much more effective and the consumers can be framed to meet the required targets. The adapted version of tradable CO2 performance scheme proposed by California could be beneficial to European automotive industry (OBrien et al, 2000). 2.2.2 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS Consumers help to encourage rivalry through their consumption decisions and switching behaviour however, they currently require the data about the environmental footprint of new and existing automotive products to make fully informed choices. Considering the consumers frame of mind a mixture of regulatory instruments and economic incentives should be launched by the automotive industry and attention should be drawn towards the trade of new cars as well as the usage of the vehicle supply. The public procurement directives could be a step forward to institute a lead market for EU automotive industry for environmentally enhanced vehicles. 2.2.3 THREATS OF POTENTIAL ENTRANTS The strict CO2 emission regulations do not unavoidably hinder competitive advantage against foreign rivals (Ordeshook, 1993). The EU automotive sector should situate determined environmental standards for its market as potential new entrants from Asia including China and India adopt EU car emission rules and hence progressive standards will put the EU automotive industry in a leading position to make the first move. 2.2.4 SUBSTITUTE OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Due to the highly technical environment of the automotive sector across the globe; the key challenge for European car industry is to introduce more inventive products in the markets. The revenues of electronics and catalyst firms of the automotive sector will be damaged if compromises are made over environmental standards for vehicles (Green and Shapiro, 1994). Moreover; it is not in the interest of the EU as a whole to become ever more dependent on oil imports. Dominance of the international players like US and China is often considered as a market barrier but the competitiveness of EU automotive industry depends on utilising its potential. It is also imperative to note that he demand for service and mechanical repairs has been evidently reduced due to improved reliability of cars which lead to cutting the labour hours by 32% and the total number of service and repair outlets has fallen by 5,500, to a total of 24,700 in 2004 (Paterson, 2000). 2.2.5 COMPETITIVE RIVALRY The interpretation of competitiveness in EU is heavily prejudiced towards creating monetary benefits for the car industry. The automotive sector of EU must recognise the significance of the soaring competition and rivalry and should adopt the norms of democratic society which demands self-confronting and integrates all stakeholders equally. The competitiveness of this knowledge-based economy can be improved if the car industry gives up its lobbying against the environmental regulations and develop an eco-friendly stratagem (Holliday, Schmidheiny and Watts 2002). CONCLUSIVE REMARKS The introduction of CO2 emissions legislation comes with both negative and positive externalities, information asymmetries and significant uncertainty that subsequently erect barriers. The strategic approach of EU automotive industry to persuade reduced carbon emissions in compliance with the CO2 emission legislation; needs to be addressed in a balanced and appropriate manner taking into account of relevant drivers of change such as market trends, consumer behaviour, the technological conditions and financial facet of the automotive industry. There is an evidence that strong environmental policy, indeed stronger than the rest of the worlds, does not hurt the industry and but improves rather than deteriorates its competitive position and this is illustrated by the voluntary commitments by EU car manufacturers to reduce fleet average CO2 emissions to140g/km by 2008 (ACEA 2002).

How does Steinbeck in Of Mice and Men portray the position of women Ess

How does Steinbeck in Of Mice and Men portray the position of women in 1930's America? 'Of Mice & Men' by John Steinbeck is set during the depression and highlights the extreme economical and social problems through each character. We see them all aspire to live the 'American Dream', while in pursuit for this life disregard one another and do not acknowledge the importance of friendship, in the world of isolation. Loneliness and dreams are recurring themes through out the novel. Curley' s wife is a key figure with in the novel. On a social level she embodies the position of women during the depression and the way in which their emotions had been ignored. George and Lennie are warned of her by candy when they first reach the ranch. He describes her as ' tart' because she's only been ' Married two weeks and got the eye?', we already have am instant dislike about her and we still haven't met her. Steinbeck has purposely not given Curley's wife a name, which highlights the concept of women's social position during the depression and how they seemed to be viewed as nothing more than a mans possession. In this case she is nothing more than Curley's possession We first meet Curley's wife in the barn house; her presence is almost striking. Her appearance seems to embody the image we had constructed from candy's description; provocative and very suggesting. "She had full, rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made-up. Her fingernails were red" The use of the colour red puts emphasis on the idea of her being a seductress and like a scarlet woman. However it also represents danger; and we are already aware of Lennie's attraction to red. The description of her movements is a projection of her sensuo... ...r she dreams more of being recognised by the masses, she craves the attention that she lacks in the farm. She seemed to view Curley's proposal as a chance for an escape to a better life. We begin to feel sympathy for her, she is trapped in a marriage were she doesn't like her husband, and can't make friends due to his tight rein. Although her fate is tragic, the way in which Steinbeck describes her in the moments after her death is as though she is the opposite person we met in the beginning of the novel. This is significant description in the play; it helps define what Curley's wife and many other woman of that time were, beneath the clothes and make-up. Beneath the actress and the role she played into, was nothing more than a young girl; "The ache and attention were gone form her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young".

Drug Abuse and Addiction Essay

Drug abuse and addiction are a major burden to society. Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behavior. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction — that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now know much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and resume productive lives. So what is drug abuse and why do we became addicted to certain drugs? Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Addiction is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. Addictions can include, but are not limited to, drug abuse, exercise abuse, sexual activity and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include: impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its ‘normal’ functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal. Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of depravity and sin) have been modified with increased understanding; with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine, that are psychologically or neuropsychologically addicting; and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was invalid because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term â€Å"substance abuse† is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. There are many different types of drugs you should be aware of. Some are prescribed, others are known as club drugs, illicit or illegal substances, and some are called designers drugs. They include: Antidepressants, Barbiturates, Cannabis, Depressants, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics, Steroids, Stimulants and Tobacco.

Free Essays on Illegal Wildlife Trade

Illegal wildlife trade produces billions of dollars a year globally. It is the second most lucrative illegal trading industry next to drug trafficking. Despite international and local laws designed to crack down on the trade, live animals and animal parts, often those of endangered or threatened species, are sold in open-air markets throughout many regions of the world. Growing demand, leaky borders and the attraction of big money make it a rewarding business. The animals involved in the trade end up as trophies, or in specialty restaurants. Some are used in traditional Asian medicines. One of the monitoring groups, TRAFFIC, claims that as a result, many species are simply disappearing. There are, however, conventions set up to prevent further disappearance and abuse. The Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) is an international agreement between Governments; its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threa ten their survival. This sort of trade is most prominent in developing countries. One of the regions most heavily influenced by this market is Asia. China, in particular, is rich in biodiversity especially in the Himalayan region and local people have taken advantage of the resources surrounding them. China has developed a conservation consciousness quite rapidly and has state and local protection lists for these national treasures. The Himalaya region in particular is suffering from illegal trade and hunting despite their implementation of the China Wildlife Protection Law (CWPL). They are especially conscious of the trade of aesthetic mega-fauna such as the Giant Panda, Tibetan Antelope, Saker Falcon. Conservation in China came about only within the past fifty years. The first nature reserve was established in 1956 called Dighushan Nature Reserve and even then many local governments encouraged poaching for skins. (Li Yi-Ming.) From the 60s-80s wildlife h... Free Essays on Illegal Wildlife Trade Free Essays on Illegal Wildlife Trade Illegal wildlife trade produces billions of dollars a year globally. It is the second most lucrative illegal trading industry next to drug trafficking. Despite international and local laws designed to crack down on the trade, live animals and animal parts, often those of endangered or threatened species, are sold in open-air markets throughout many regions of the world. Growing demand, leaky borders and the attraction of big money make it a rewarding business. The animals involved in the trade end up as trophies, or in specialty restaurants. Some are used in traditional Asian medicines. One of the monitoring groups, TRAFFIC, claims that as a result, many species are simply disappearing. There are, however, conventions set up to prevent further disappearance and abuse. The Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) is an international agreement between Governments; its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threa ten their survival. This sort of trade is most prominent in developing countries. One of the regions most heavily influenced by this market is Asia. China, in particular, is rich in biodiversity especially in the Himalayan region and local people have taken advantage of the resources surrounding them. China has developed a conservation consciousness quite rapidly and has state and local protection lists for these national treasures. The Himalaya region in particular is suffering from illegal trade and hunting despite their implementation of the China Wildlife Protection Law (CWPL). They are especially conscious of the trade of aesthetic mega-fauna such as the Giant Panda, Tibetan Antelope, Saker Falcon. Conservation in China came about only within the past fifty years. The first nature reserve was established in 1956 called Dighushan Nature Reserve and even then many local governments encouraged poaching for skins. (Li Yi-Ming.) From the 60s-80s wildlife h...

Qué migrantes deben comprar seguro por Obamacare

Quà © migrantes deben comprar seguro por Obamacare Actualmente, si su empleador no le brinda seguro mà ©dico ni tampoco est protegido por programas como Medicaid o Medicare puede que està © obligado a comprarse un seguro mà ©dico en cumplimiento de la ley que se conoce como Obamacare y, si no lo hace, deber pagar una multa. Obamacare, que tambià ©n se conoce como ACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s o incluso como PPACA, tiene normas complejas. Y este artà ­culo aspira a explicar claramente quià ©n est obligado a tener seguro mà ©dico con especial mencià ³n a las diversas situaciones migratorias e, incluso, tipos de visa. Tambià ©n cules son las excepciones a esta obligacià ³n, cul es el monto de la multa si no se cumple con la ley y quià ©nes pueden comprar seguro a travà ©s del mercado que que se conoce como Marketplace y, es su caso, obtener subsidios para el pago. En este artà ­culo se explica quià ©nes NO estn obligados a comprar un seguro mà ©dico. Y como todos los dems no incluidos, sà ­ estn obligados a adquirirlo, tambià ©n se explica quià ©n puede tener ayuda econà ³mica para comprarlo y cul es la multa por no tener seguro. Quià ©nes no estn obligados a tener seguro mà ©dico   La forma ms sencilla de saber si se est obligado a tener seguro mà ©dico en Estados Unidos es determinar que no se est en uno de los grupos que pemiten no tenerlo. Y no estn requeridos por ley los siguientes: Ciudadanos y residentes permanentes legales en una de las siguientes situaciones especiales No estn obligadas aquellas personas con ingresos tan bajos que no tienen que llenar las planillas de impuestos (tax returns)Tampoco aquellas que no pueden pagarlo porque el costo del premium del seguro ms barato supera en un ocho por ciento los ingresos del hogar.Tampoco se tiene obligacià ³n si el tiempo sin seguro no excede de tres meses en el conjunto de un aà ±o.  Ni los ciudadanos que residen habitualmente en el extranjero o pasan al menos 330 dà ­as de un total de 12 meses en otro paà ­s. Estos ciudadanos pueden comprar seguros privados de corta duracià ³n cuando se encuentran en Estados Unidos si asà ­ lo desean.Tampoco estn obligados las personas que se encuentran en prisià ³n ni aquellas a las que su religià ³n se lo prohibe.Asimismo,   tampoco aplica a los nativos americanos que pueden obtener cobertura mà ©dica a travà ©s Servicio Mà ©dico Indio o los religiosos cubiertos por Health Care Sharing Ministry.Tampoco estn obligadas las personas con pocos ingresos que podrà ­an ser elegibles para Medicaid segà ºn las reglas establecidas por Obamacare, pero que viven en un estado que ha elegido no extender este beneficio. Por à ºltimo, ciertas situaciones transitorias de dureza pueden servir para calificar para no tener que comprar un seguro mà ©dico, como por ejemplo: declaracià ³n de bancarrota, haber sufrido un desastre natural como huracn o tornado, ser và ­ctima de violencia domà ©stica, estar en una situacià ³n de desamparo y no tener vivienda o, incluso, la muerte de un miembro de la familia.   Todos los ciudadanos y residentes que no estn en ninguna de esas categorà ­as citadas anteriormente deben estar cubiertos por un seguro mà ©dico. Situacià ³n de migrantes indocumentados y Obamacare Segà ºn la ley, las personas sin estatus legal en los Estados Unidos -los migrantes indocumentados- no estn obligadas a comprar un seguro mà ©dico. Ni tampoco tienen que pagar una multa por no tenerlo. Es decir, no les aplica la ley para nada, ni para lo bueno ni para lo malo.    A la hora de aplicar para comprar seguro a travà ©s de Obamacare se verifica el estatus legal del solicitante, siendo necesarios al menos 2 I.D. para acreditar ciudadanà ­a de Estados Unidos o residencia permanente legal. El sistema SAVE es una base de datos federal contra la que se verifican todos los I.D. que se presenten. Especial mencià ³n hay que hacer a los muchachos que aplicaron por la medida que se conoce como Accià ³n Diferida (DACA) y obtuvieron la aprobacià ³n. Se les considera que no estn legalmente presentes en los Estados Unidos y, como consecuencia, no estn obligados a comprar un seguro mà ©dico. Tampoco pueden beneficiarse de ninguna ayuda si deciden comprarlo. Es importante resaltar que todos los indocumentados -con DACA o sin ella- pueden comprar su propio seguro mà ©dico privadamente. Tambià ©n tienen las puertas abiertas en algunas instituciones que atienden sin fin de lucro y en los Centros de Salud Comunitarios y en los Centros de Salud Federalmente Calificados. Tambià ©n hay programas limitados como WIC, para embarazadas, lactantes, bebà ©s e infantes. Adems, algunos estados como California o Nueva York, permiten que tengan acceso a travà ©s de sus sistemas estatales a protecciones limitadas  en asuntos de salud o incluso a travà ©s de programas que aplican en condados concretos. Adems, California est viendo cà ³mo los indocumentados podrà ­an llegar   a beneficiarse de Obamacare, pero por ahora no pueden. Los indocumentados y los muchachos con DACA deben tener mucho cuidado con fiscalistas inescrupulosos que aseguran que tienen que pagar una multa por no tener seguro mà ©dico y se quedan con ese dinero. Porque, como ya se dijo ms arriba, ni tienen obligacià ³n de comprar seguro ni tienen que pagar si no lo tienen. Turistas en Estados Unidos y Obamacare Los extranjeros que se encuentran en los Estados Unidos por turismo no estn obligados a tener seguro mà ©dico. Sin embargo, es altamente recomendable que adquieran uno antes de viajar por las cifras astronà ³micas que puede alcanzar una simple consulta mà ©dica o una hospitalizacià ³n para un procedimiento sencillo debido a una urgencia. Adems, llamar la atencià ³n sobre las posibles consecuencias negativas de tener un bebà © en Estados Unidos con estatus de turista si no se paga completamente la factura de la hospitalizacià ³n. Por à ºltimo, las personas extranjeras residentes en otros paà ­ses que desean recibir tratamiento sanitario en Estados Unidos deben pagar por el mismo o mostrar un seguro mà ©dico que cubra por los gastos. Recordar que el riesgo de convertirse en una carga pà ºblica es una de las muchas causas de negacià ³n y/o cancelacià ³n de la visa americana. Visas de estudiantes y de intercambio y seguro mà ©dico Para los efectos de Obamacare, los estudiantes y participantes en programas de intercambio no son consideradas residentes legales temporales. Lo siguiente afecta a los extranjeros presentes en Estados Unidos con visas F, M, J, Q y sus dependientes.   Los estudiantes (F, M, Q) estn exentos de tener seguro mà ©dico durante los primeros cinco aà ±os de su estadà ­a en Estados Unidos. A partir de esa fecha debern iniciar trmites para que los consideren no residentes y probar fuertes lazos con su paà ­s para evitar tener la obligacià ³n de comprar seguro mà ©dico. Los titulares de visas J de intercambio, tienen una exencià ³n durante los dos primeros aà ±os de su estancia.   Obviamente, el sentido comà ºn indica que lo prudente es tener un seguro mà ©dico. Se puede comprar privadamente y, adems en el caso de los estudiantes, en muchas ocasiones se puede adquirir a travà ©s de las propias universidades. En total se estima que un total de 24 millones de personas que residen habitualmente en los Estados Unidos no tienen la obligacià ³n de tener seguro mà ©dico. Casos especiales En primer lugar, las personas menores de 26 aà ±os pueden estar incluidas en el seguro mà ©dico de cualquiera de sus padres. En segundo lugar a las personas con visas H-1 para profesionales y modelos  y L-1 de transfer entre empresas  se  les considera a estos efectos como residentes temporales y deben tener cobertura mà ©dica. Si trabajan en un lugar con ms de 50 empleados lo obtendrn por ley a travà ©s de la empresa pero si es ms pequeà ±a depender de la polà ­tica de la empresa. Si à ©sta no lo da, pueden obtenerlo a travà ©s del marketplace o comprar uno directamente con una aseguradora para sà ­ y sus dependientes (H-4).  ¿Cà ³mo se hace para obtener un seguro mà ©dico en Estados Unidos? Si no se est en ninguna de las categorà ­as mencionadas anteriormente y que dan derecho a estar exentos de la obligacià ³n de tener un seguro mà ©dico entonces hay que conseguir uno. Lo cierto es que en Estados Unidos la gran mayorà ­a de personas con esta obligacià ³n - tres de cada cinco- lo obtienen a travà ©s de las empresas para las que trabajan.  Y otro 12 por ciento resuelve la situacià ³n a travà ©s de programas pà ºblicos como Medicaid, Medicare, CHIP, el Sistema de Veteranos, u otros como COBRA (desempleados que cumplen ciertos requisitos) o TRICARE (militares). Para el resto caben dos alternativas para cumplir con la ley. Primero, contratar un seguro privado por su cuenta o, segundo, acudir a lo que se conoce como el Health Insurance Marketplace.  ¿Quà © es el Marketplace para la compra de seguro mà ©dico? El Marketplace un mercado en internet donde se da la opcià ³n de comparar y comprar el seguro mà ©dico que ms se ajuste a las necesidades del comprador. Tambià ©n se conoce en inglà ©s con el nombre de exchanges. Los seguros varà ­an enormemente segà ºn lo que se paga, las coberturas que se acuerdan, la aseguradora, el estado en el que se reside, si se elige un PPO o un HMO, etc.  ¿Quià ©nes pueden comprar seguro mà ©dico en el marketplace? Todas las personas en una de las siguientes categorà ­as que no tienen seguro mà ©dico porque no se lo da la empresa, ni estn cubiertos por asistencias pà ºblicas como Medicare, CHIP o Medicaid ni han contratado uno directamente con una aseguradora. El seguro en el marketplace se puede comprar para sà ­ mismo y para las personas dependientes, como por ejemplo los hijos menores de 26 aà ±os. Ciudadanos o nacionales de los Estados Unidos. No importa el caminio por el cul se adquirià ³ la ciudadanà ­a.Todos los   extranjeros presentes en Estados Unidos que califiquen, esto es:   Residentes permanentes legales.Extranjeros en el proceso de ajuste de estatusAsilados y refugiados. Los primeros sà ³lo si ya tienen aprobado el permiso de trabajo (EAD) o son menores de 14 aà ±os y llevan de espera en su aplicacià ³n ms de 180 dà ­as.Cubanos y haitianos que ingresaron al paà ­s por reglas especà ­ficas que aplican sà ³lo a ellos. Y cualquier persona a la que se le haya concedido un parole en una frontera (puerto, aeropuerto o paso terrestre).Las personas a las que se le concedià ³ con anterioridad a 1980 un ingreso condicional.Las personas buscando legalizacià ³n en base a maltrato y sus cà ³nyuges, hijos, padres o madres.Las và ­ctimas de trfico humano, sus cà ³nyuges, hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os, padres, madres y hermanos.Los migrantes que gozan de un TPS.Los extranjeros con visas temporeras de trabajo, como por ejemplo las H-1B, las H-2A y las H-2B y otros comprendidos dentro de la clasificacià ³n de residentes legales temporales, como por e jemplo, los periodistas con visa I, los religiosos con una R, los prometidos (novios) de ciudadanos americanos con una K-1, los inversores (EB-5, E-2), oficiales de gobiernos extranjeros, los estudiantes, trabajadores de la OTAN, personas con visas de intercambio J-1 o trabajadores en situacià ³n de transfer dentro de sus empresas (L-1). Por regla general, tambià ©n se incluye a sus cà ³nyuges e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os.   Los extranjeros a los que se les ha concedido una suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n (withholding of deportation/removal) o una suspensià ³n administrativa de la expulsià ³n (staying removal)Los muchachos a los que se les ha concedido el Estatus de Inmigrante Especial Juvenil.Las personas favorecidas por una orden presidencial que pospone su salida obligatoria de los Estados Unidos, lo que se conoce como DED o Deferred Enforced Departure y que en la actualidad sà ³lo aplica a ciudadanos de Liberia.Los residentes de la Samoa AmericanaLos ciudadanos de Micronesia, las islas Marshall o PalauLos miembros de una tribu nativa reconocida federalmente  Los nativos americanos (first nations) nacidos en Canad y que viven en los Estados Unidos. En el caso de familias mixtas con miembros legales y otros indocumentados, se puede aplicar para las personas que tienen estatus. No se preguntar por las circunstancias migratorias del resto. Y, si califican, los miembros legales pueden beneficiarse de subsidios.  ¿Quià ©n tiene derecho a descuentos de seguro mà ©dico a travà ©s del Marketplace? Muchas de las personas autorizadas a comprar seguro mà ©dico a travà ©s de este sistema podrà ­an tener derecho a dos clases de subsidios: Fiscales (tax subsidies), para los que ingresan menos del 400 por ciento de lo que est establecido como là ­nea de la pobreza. Esto viene a ser aproximadamente $46,000 para las personas que viven ellas solas y ms para las familias.De pago (cost-sharing), para ayudar a pagar por copagos, deducibles, primas, etc y que beneficia a las personas que ingresan en un aà ±o menos del 250 por ciento de lo que est establecido como umbral o linea de la pobreza.  ¿Cundo se puede comprar en el Marketplace? Las pequeà ±as empresas tienen el marketplace abierto sin là ­mite de fechas para incorporar a trabajadores. Adems, si se ha cambiado recientemente de estatus migratorio se podrà ­a calificar para un tiempo especial para enrolarse.  ¿Cul es el castigo por no tener seguro mà ©dico cuando se tiene obligacià ³n de tenerlo? En el 2017  el importe a pagar en concepto de multa ser la cantidad ms grande de entre estas dos: $695 dà ³lares por persona, cantidad que se ajustar segà ºn la inflacià ³n,  con un tope mximo de tres por familia, si bien el importe a pagar por un nià ±o menor de 18 aà ±os es de $347.50.el 2.5 de los ingresos de la renta imponible.  ¿Cà ³mo cobra el gobierno esa multa? Automticamente en cuando se hace el clculo de lo que toca a pagar (o a regresar) al llenar las planillas de los impuestos federales. Para cobrar el multa en su totalidad el gobierno puede incluso no regresar lo que toque a devolver por varios aà ±os, hasta que la deuda se paga completamente. Para mayor informacià ³n sobre Obamacare Se puede marcar al telà ©fono gratuito 1-800-318-2596 o consultar la pgina oficial de Cuidado de Salud del gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal

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Based on your ideas on Nilsen and Tannen, discuss how language reflects patriarchy (Patriarchy) - Essay Example Besides, she manages to show that even when filling forms, women tell stories about themselves because most forms offer four titles to choose from and they include â€Å"Mr.†, â€Å"Mrs† or â€Å"Miss† and â€Å"Dr†. In her work, â€Å"Mr.† â€Å"carries no meaning other than that the respondent is male† (Tennen395); however, when women accept â€Å"Mrs.† or â€Å"Miss† it shows that they have been married and that they have conservative forms of address. Women using the label â€Å"Ms.† decline to reveal if they are married while men using the title â€Å"Mr.† decline nothing considering that nothing was asked; hence, women using â€Å"Ms.† tend to be seen â€Å"as either liberated or rebellious depending on the observer’s attitudes† (Tennen395). Tennen shows that married women surnames are marked and that if a married woman accepts her husband’s name, she acknowledges to the world that , â€Å"she is married and has traditional values† (Tennen396). ... From her dictionary cards, Nielsen shows that â€Å"feminine words have acquired sexual connotations while the masculine word retains serious business like aura† (Nielsen). For instance, she manages to show that while a callboy is an individual who calls actors when time comes for them to go to stage, a call girl is considered a prostitute. In her study, Nielsen found about 200 pairs of words that accepted both masculine and feminine forms and in nearly all of the pairs, masculine form was considered the base where a feminine suffix was added. The masculine form is basis on which compounds are made apart from one semantic area where masculine word is not the basis and the areas deals with sex, marriage and motherhood. Nielsen shows that when someone refers to a virgin, the listener probably considers a female unless the speaker specifies a masculine pronoun, which is the same case with the term prostitute. Moreover, Nielsen shows that the grammar used in writing or even talkin g about weddings show the expectation of men playing an active role when men wed women while the women become brides of men. Nevertheless, titles offered to royalty indicate that males can be at loss because of the assumption that they predominantly play a powerful role; for instance, when a female has the royal title, then the man she marries does not automatically acquire a matching title. From Nielsen’s article, it is clear that connotations between encouraging male and pessimistic female connotations can be established from various pairs of words that differ denotatively in the area of sex. For instance, patron and matron have varying degrees of esteem that womenfolk attempt to use the

How Socio-Economic Classes Contributed to Events in 1800 Europe Essay Example for Free

How Socio-Economic Classes Contributed to Events in 1800 Europe Essay Described as â€Å"the divine distribution of men into different ranks, and at the same time uniting them into one society† (Gladstone, 1896), the socio-economic class order formed the structure and foundation of society in Europe. Consisting of three distinct entities and with a strong correspondence between economic prosperity and social standing, it would also serve as the backdrop for which historical phenomena would occur. Europe’s social order was not just the environment in which these events would materialize, but also a fundamental causal factor in three notable events; The French Revolution (1789-1799), The French Revolution of 1848 and Britain’s Industrial Revolution (1750 onwards). However, the origins of these events were also contingent upon other circumstantial factors. The roots of the first French revolution, arguably, are in The Enlightenment; the period of the philosophers. New philosophies advocating human rationality came to form by the mid 1700’s and were propelled into popular thought after the isolated, and highly charged, Jean Callas incident . Philosophers like Voltaire found the perfect vehicle in this incident to question the arbitrary use of power so prevalent in French society. The monarchy and the presence of the Social Order soon came into question. Across Europe, cafes sprung out to host discussion centered on the common theme of reason. Society cleaved toward enlightened ideas of rationality, equality and liberalism, leading to the growing questioning of the existing monarchial power structure. Alternative political ideologies for the state, from personalities like Rousseau and Locke, sprouted and undermined the legitimacy of the monarchy. While The Enlightenment is responsible for creating pressure from society against the monarchy, these ideas would have been impotent without suitable ground. The socio-economic categorizing of European society is a more fundamental cause of the first French Revolution because it provided this ground. The rigidity of the social order in late 17th century France accounts for the origins of the first French revolution. In theory, the social divisions were permeable and promoted mobility (Roberts, 1997). Across Europe, titles and estates could be purchased and so also, the privilege of the nobility. However the reality was often different. In light of booming trade, the demand for titles from the French bourgeoisie and returning nobility outstripped the number permitted by the social order . Furthermore, while the bourgeoisie enjoyed increasing economic power and could live equally, if not exceedingly, extravagant lives as the nobility, the social order shut this community out from the benefits of social privilege . This was exacerbated by the nobility’s stress on privilege in response to the new Bourgeois economic threat. The system’s disregard of merit in place of hereditary, and the fundamentally irrational social construct sowed discontentment within the second and third estate, where the ideals of enlightenment; rationality and equality, would find willing subscribers. Riding on the resentment toward society’s order and fuelled by The Enlightenment’s ideas did the French Revolution tear its way through to the Bastille. While the first French revolution was understandably a social battle, one could argue that the revolution of 1848 was born out of opposition to economic factors than on society’s social construct. The time leading up to 1848 was a time of gradual industrialization for France. Its products; rapid urbanization and changes in economic practices, broke familiar social patterns of the working class. For instance, the commercial system was rewritten by doing away with the cottage industry and previously public lands, privatized. Added to this, a burgeoning population, severe industrial and agricultural depressions in 1846 and Louis-Phillipe’s inaction in alleviating rural and urban poverty culminated to create great peasant discontent. The economic change that accompanied its deterioration galvanized the working class, triggering the third French revolution in 1848; aptly, also known as a Worker’s Revolution. However, it is artificial to separate economics from social class since there is a correspondence between social hierarchy and wealth. They are, after all, aptly named â€Å"socio-economic† classes. In analyzing yet another French revolution, an important observation to make is the persistence of Europe’s social order. Though the 1830 revolution delivered another great blow to the old social order (Magraw, 1987), and promised equality in opportunity and economic liberalism manifest in the abolishment of seigneurial practices for all, much had remained the same. Succinctly captured by Cobban’s argument that ‘it [did] not matter whether we [called] it aristocracy or bourgeoisie† , the cleaving of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie shows an adaption, not an eradication of the social order. The aristocracy kept to their ranks by continuing their distinctive politics and marriage practices (Magraw, 1987). Since most engaged with capitalism, they were mostly able to maintain their privileged lifestyle and control of much of the land . The Bourgeoisie continued to thrive, especially under the â€Å"Bourgeois King† and even went as far as to convert their wealth into land ownership. This neo-feudalism masquerading as the product of laissez faire economic practices, and the continuation of aristocratic dominance came at the expense of the working class. Thus did the working class continue in their economically disadvantaged positions. Their economic dependence on the old order’s aristocracy, had merely been replaced with a dependence on remnants of the same old order and a new Bourgeois one. The social order is a more fundamental account for the workers revolution, since it was responsible for creating the economic grievances of the working class which became the fuel for the 1848 revolution. The European social order again features as a causal factor in Britain’s Industrial Revolution. It is the very hierarchical nature of the class system that functioned as the engine for the Industrial Revolution. The industrial entrepreneurs of Britain, the main thrust for the innovation that characterized the revolution, took hold of Britain’s mineral resource advantage to affect rapid development. The motivations behind entrepreneurship are traced back to the make-up of society. Since social privilege was linked with economic wealth, successful merchants strived to purchase titles and convert their wealth into social status (Briggs, 1979). In this way, the extravagance of noble life, held in high regard, could be emulated. However, it is admittedly reductionistic to exclusively use the quest for noblehood to account for an entire revolution. Coupled with the desire for social advancement were also ideas from The Enlightenment and The Scientific Revolution; laissez faire economic practices and technological advancement respectively. Society as a whole was geared toward revolutionary development, equipped with the necessary ideology and possessing the necessary scientific capability. Nonetheless, the power of science and the power of thought would have remained a means without an end if not for the existence of Europe’s social class as the motivation to individuals for conomic advancement. Furthermore, the narrow elite which feature in Europe’s social order meant that there was a prolific number from the working class available for cheap employment and indeed, were the working class called upon for this. By 1850, more than 50% of the population were living in towns and city to work in factories and city-bound industries. The abundance of cheap labor comes from the old social order’s narrow top and wide base, and it sustained and accelerated industrialization to revolutionary measures. Thus, we trace back the origins of the Industrial revolution to socio-economic classes. Social hierarchical ascension was the motivation, and the demographic make-up, the sustenance. Evidently, the causality of the three historical events covered is not monolithic. Though the contributing factors are layered and many, the role of socio-economic class is central. Its rigid, persistent and hierarchical institution shaped the motivations of humanity and in doing so, account for the origins of major events in History.

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Ghana is a country located on the west coast of Africa, the Gold Coast. Known for having the best oil reserves in the world, Ghana’s other exports such as timber, diamond, manganese, cocoa, gold, and bauxite are what feed the country’s economy. The main source of aluminum comes from the aluminum ore, Bauxite. Bauxite was first discovered by Sir Albert Kitson in the year 1914. Although found in 1914, it took 14 years for the mining of Bauxite was allowed by the British Aluminum Company, this mining took place at Awaso. The British original source of bauxite was France until they’re supply was caught off during World War II. Once again, after being given the â€Å"ok† to begin mining, it took until the 1940s, when a railroad was built connecting Awaso with a port in Takowardi, for Ghana to actually begin the mining of Bauxite.in 1974, Ghana received 55% of the British Aluminum Companies shares and in the same year, the International Bauxite Association accepted Ghana as member. The purpose of the International Bauxite Association association was to logically maintain and promote the trade and development of the bauxite industry. In 1941 the Ghana Bauxite Company began working on the mining site in Awaso and has been ever since. It is said that the site in Awaso, after all these years of mining, has reserves of Bauxite to last over 3 more decades. In other areas of Ghana including regions of Ejuanema, Nyinahin, and Kibi,, there are some reserves that are said to be capable of lasting over a century. These reserves are capable of lasting for such long periods of time due to the majority of mining that occurs at Awaso. Ghana’s first president, Kwame Nikrumah, had dreams of industrializing the country in order make forward strides toward a m... ... to the local levels? These regions suffered severely due to the degradation of air, water and the environment due to mining activities. These areas gain nothing from the mining of bauxite. Living conditions in these areas have nearly deteriorated. With all of the pollution from the mining there have been many health impacts on the societies that surround these mining areas such as skin diseases and malaria. With all of the production it would be expected that there would be many job opportunities but all of the mining generated no employment. Between 1992 and 1998 over 1,000 jobs were lost in the Tarkwa mining region. Next to farming, Mining is the most important aspect of Ghana’s foundation. Bauxite mining had huge economic and social impacts on Ghana. Although some were more negative than others, it is apparent how important the mining had been to the nation.